Nanoparticle assembly following Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics on a Langmuir film and chain networks captured in LB films

The Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique is an elegant protocol for the steered assembly of metal nanoparticles, the deposition pressure serving as a convenient parameter to tune the assembly. Adsorption of nanoparticles from the subphase to the air–water interface can provide further control of the process. Citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles in the aqueous subphase are shown to assemble into extended 2-dimensional chain networks following adsorption on a cationic amphiphile Langmuir film at the air–water interface. Kinetic investigations show that the process can be visualized as a surface-catalyzed reaction and explained in terms of the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism. The LB deposition proves to be a unique route to capture the reaction product together with the amphiphile film. The deposition pressure is used to tune the density of nanoparticle chain networks in the LB film, and their optical extinction spectrum. The unusual blue shift of the extinction observed with increasing deposition pressure is attributed to the impact of the amphiphile monolayer environment. The extent of formation of the chain network is analyzed in terms of the pathways in the corresponding graph representation, and shown to scale with the deposition pressure. The current investigation highlights the use of a charged monolayer as a heterogeneous catalyst surface, provides fundamental insight into the kinetics of nanoparticle assembly at interfaces, and demonstrates the utility of the LB technique in tuning the formation of 2-dimensional nanoparticle chain networks.