Chitosan/metal organic frameworks for environmental, energy, and bio-medical applications: a review

Chitosan/metal–organic frameworks (CS/MOFs) are versatile materials fabricated by conjugating the chitosan (CS) material with metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). The CS/MOFs demonstrated phenomenal features such as higher surface area, porosity, non-toxicity, environmental safety, and ability to form different structures, making them suitable for diverse applications in adsorption, catalysis, membrane separation, supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, sensing, food packaging, and biomedical applications, including drug delivery. The different preparation routes for fabricating CS/MOFs are elucidated in detail. The CS/MOFs mostly remove emerging pollutants via adsorption and membrane separation. However, CS/MOFs are less explored in supercapacitors, fuel cells, and food packaging. This review highlights the preparation, characteristics, and applications of CS/MOFs for energy, environmental and bio-medical applications. The advantages, disadvantages, and perspectives are also elaborated. The following review is expected to be a useful guide for scientists working on CS/MOFs.