The metal dependence of single-metal mediated phosphodiester bond cleavage: a QM/MM study of a multifaceted human enzyme

Nucleases catalyze the cleavage of phosphodiester bonds in nucleic acids using a range of metal cofactors. Although it is well accepted that many nucleases rely on two metal ions, the one-metal mediated pathway is debated. Furthermore, one-metal mediated nucleases maintain activity in the presence of many different metals, but the underlying reasons for this broad metal specificity are unknown. The human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1), which plays a key role in DNA repair, transcription regulation, and gene expression, is a prototypical example of a one-metal dependent nuclease. Although Mg2+ is the native metal cofactor, APE1 remains catalytically active in the presence of several metals, with the rate decreasing as Mg2+ > Mn2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+, while Ca2+ completely abolished the activity. The present work uses quantum mechanics–molecular mechanics techniques to map APE1-facilitated phosphodiester bond hydrolysis in the presence of these metals. The structural differences in stationary points along the reaction pathway shed light on the interplay between several factors that allow APE1 to remain catalytically active for various metals, with the trend in the barrier heights correlating with the experimentally reported APE1 catalytic activity. In contrast, Ca2+ significantly changes the metal coordination and active site geometry, and thus completely inhibits catalysis. Our work thereby provides support for the controversial single-metal mediated phosphodiester bond cleavage and clarifies uncertainties regarding the role of the metal and metal identity in this important reaction. This information is key for future medicinal and biotechnological applications including disease diagnosis and treatment, and protein engineering.